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Cholesbury Camp
Cholesbury Camp is a large and well-preserved Iron Age hill fort on the northern edge of the village of Cholesbury in Buckinghamshire, England. It is roughly oval-shaped, covers an area, including ramparts, of ,〔 and measures approximately north-east to south-west by north-west to south-east. The interior is a fairly level plateau and has been in agricultural use since the medieval period.〔"Cholesbury Camp", information board at location. Chiltern Conservation Board, date unknown.〕 The hill fort is now a scheduled ancient monument.〔
The fort is of the multivallate type, in other words having two or more lines of concentric earthworks. Most examples of such forts were built and used during the British Iron Age period between the 6th century BC and the Roman invasion of Britain in the 1st century AD.〔 The period of Cholesbury Camp's construction is unclear, but has been suggested it may lie between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, during the Middle to Late Iron Age.〔Richard Cavendish, ''Prehistoric England'', p. 92. British Heritage Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-517-41728-7〕〔 It was previously, though erroneously, attributed to the Danes and until the early 20th century was known locally as "The Danish Camp" and incorrectly recorded as such on maps. 〔 It has also been suggested that it may have been constructed on the same site as an earlier, "Bronze Age" defensive structure.
The fort is located in the Chiltern Hills at an altitude of over . The porosity of the ground in the area severely limited the availability of surface water, essential for livestock, and therefore precluded year-round settlement adjacent to most of the upland pastures. However, there are two aquifer-fed water sources, Holy (or Holly) and Bury Ponds. The constancy of this supply, over many hundreds of years, is cited as being crucial to the decision as to where to site the hill fort and for the early establishment of the isolated community at Cholesbury.
==Structure and layout==
The earthen ramparts of the sub-oval shaped fort are today largely overgrown with a double belt of mature beech trees, planted in the early 19th century. Inside the ramparts the enclosed area is a level plateau in area, treeless and given over to grazing. There are four entrances to the central enclosure, though only one is thought to be original.〔 Most of the ramparts still remain well-preserved, though they have been demolished and largely removed along a section of the southern side through building construction between the 16th and early 19th centuries. The ramparts on the south-east and south-west quadrants consist principally of two sets of banks (inner and outer) each enclosing a large ditch. On the north-east and north-west quadrant there is a single ditch bounded on each side by a bank.〔 The inner bank is on average wide with a height that varies between to . Its front slope is angled at about 35 degrees and the rear slope at 50 degrees. The broad, flat top of the bank does not appear to have been lined with timber or stonework.〔 The adjoining inner ditch ranges from to wide and to deep, in the shape of a steep-sided V with an inner slope of about 50 degrees. The outer bank is less distinct but is still visible on the northern side of the fort. The banks and ditches to the south-east are particularly well-preserved extending the ramparts for a distance of about .〔(Cholesbury Camp ). ''Pastscape'', English Heritage. Accessed 20 February 2011〕〔Michael Avery, ''Hillfort Defences of Southern Britain''. Volume II, Appendix A, p. 105. Tempus Reparatum, 1993. ISBN 978-0-86054-754-9〕 The outer ditch and banks of the north-west quadrant do not follow the curvature of the inner rampart over its whole length. The final of the ditch runs almost straight out in a north-north-easterly direction. The triangular section so created is bounded on its northern edge by a shallow ditch and bank.〔
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